MUST, HAVE TO, NEED
obbligo
assenza di obbligo obbligo negativo
futuro must
need to must not
will have to
won’t have to
won’t need to
presente must
need not must not
have to
don’t have to
don’t need to
passato had to
didn’t have to
didn’t need to
hadn’t (got) to
must - must not - need not esprimono l’autorità di chi parla
mum says “you must do your homework”
you must not turn on tv till you have done your homework
you needn’t do your homework
le altre forme have to – will have to – had to and won’t/
don’t / didn’t need to esprimono un obbligo esterno
his sister : “he’ll have to get up early”
need not
we needn’t hurry
must not esprime una obbligo negativo o un consiglio
you must not tell anyone = è sbagliato dirlo a qualcuno
zoo notice : visitors must not feed the animals
need not esprime assenza di obbligo chi parla ci dice che non è
necessario fare un’azione
you needn’t make two copies. One will do
you must not drive fast. There is a speed limit here
you need not drive fast, We’ve got lots of time
MUST AND HAVE TO
Must ha la stessa forma per tutte le persone al presente e futuro,
la forma negativa must not mustn’t e la forma interrogativa Must I
? ….
must non ha l’infinito e il passato quindi usiamo had to per il
passato.
Must è seguito dall’infinito senza il to esprime un obbligo o un
consiglio enfatizzato
school regulation
candidates must be in their places by 9 a.m.
have to
la forma
affermativa
negativa interrogativa
futuro will have to
won’t have to will he have to ?
Presente have to
don’t have to do you have to ?
Past had to
didn’t have to did you have to ?
La differenza tra must e have to nelle frasi affermative
tutte e due esprimono obbligo ma must esprime un obbligo imposto da
chi parla mentre have to esprime un obbligo esterno ( dalle autorità
o dalle circostanze)
you must clean your bedroom ( these are my orders)
you will have to clean your boots (these are army’s orders)
mr Smith has to work very hard ( circustances make it necessary)
se chi parla aggiunge un’ approvazione a ciò che le regole dicono
serve utilizzare must
children must obey their parents ( the speaker approve)
have to usato anche per sottolineare un abitudine
I have to go to school every day (habit)
I must be at the statio at 4 a. m.
differenza tra must e have to nelle frasi interrogative
di solito si preferisce utilizzare have to
altrimenti si utilizzano le regole delle affermative
